market), Korea (a newly industrialized country), and Japan (a developed country). The sample countries span a whole range of … characteristics, the estimated EKC show different temporal patterns. China shows an N-shaped curve while Japan has a U-shaped curve …. Such dissimilarities are also found in the relationship between CO2 emissions and openness. In the case of Korea and Japan …

Korea imports all of its primary energy, which leads to high dependency and vulnerability related to its energy supply …

This paper highlights the employment patterns of China’s over-45 population and, for perspective, places them in the … context of work and retirement patterns in Indonesia, Korea, the United States, and the United Kingdom. As is common in many … developing countries, China can be characterized as having two retirement systems: a formal system, under which urban employees …