This paper studies how an institution such as markets affects the evolution of mankind. My key point is that the forces … of natural selection are made weaker because trade allows people to specialize in those activities where they are strong …, and to offset their weaknesses by purchasing adequate goods on the market. Absent trade, people must allocate their time …

development stages from industrialized to newly industrialized and emerging market economies. The environmental consequences …

In this paper, we evaluate the effect of the literacy hour in English primary schools on pupil attainment. The National … Literacy Project (NLP) was undertaken in about 400 English primary schools in 1997 and 1998. We compare the reading and overall … English attainment of children in NLP schools as compared to a set of control schools at the end of primary school education …

Friedman (1962) suggested that in general, unfettered markets ensure the efficient provision of goods and services …

the players and policies in the many distinct domestic and international markets that exist for the inputs and outputs of …