There is a well-known debate about the roles of geography versus institutions in explaining the long-term development … Robinson (2001) was to address this last point by using settler mortality as an instrument for geography-induced endogenous … mechanisms from geography via institutions to economic development outcomes. In particular, we examine the determinants of …

measures of geography within Europe, we show that i) geography explains both genetic distance and transportation costs between … European countries, and ii) genetic distance does not explain economic outcomes once we control for geography. We conclude that …

distance (while controlling for country size). Since geography may affect income through other channels, we also control for … climate, disease environment, natural resources, and colonial origins. Most importantly, we also account for the roles of …

trade and immigration flows are based on geography and the demographic trends of each country’s trade and migration partners …

higher where (1) there exists an energy / CO2 tax, where (2) government expenditures on the environment are higher, where (3 …