We present and test a theory of prospective and retrospective pocketbook voting. Focusing on two large reforms in …

punishment is widely agreed to be potentially useful in fostering cooperation, many recent results in psychology and economics … promoting social norms. We show here, using experiments with human subjects, that public implementation of punishment can … interests, we find that privately implemented punishment reduces cooperation relative to a baseline treatment without punishment …

altruistic punishment by using public goods experiments. We conducted the experiments in Turkey at different points in time; one … punishment among individuals during Ramadan, even when the degree of their religiosity varied. However, less religious people did …

Recent experiments show that public goods can be provided at high levels when mutual monitoring and costly punishment … are allowed. All these experiments, however, study monitoring and punishment in a setting where all agents can monitor and … fundamental, properties in graph theory allow us to interpret the variation in the patterns of behavior that arise in the …

in which the effectiveness of mutual monitoring depends not on these factors, but rather on strong reciprocity: the … willingness of some team members to engage in the costly punishment of shirkers. This alternative does not require small group … reciprocity in teams. …

Because costly punishment is not credible, subgame perfection suggests that punishment will not deter free riding … strategies seen in the lab and use the simulation to develop hypotheses about why group size should matter when punishment is … rates no lower than small groups because punishment does not fall appreciably in large groups. However, hindrances to …

punishment behavior. Our study uses experiments conducted with 525 officers in the Swiss Army, and exploits random assignment to … prisoner's dilemma game with in-group as opposed to out-group members. They also use a costly punishment option to selectively … stronger in-group cooperation, but also a qualitative change in punishment: punishment becomes antisocial, harming cooperative …

We develop a new experiment to study the emergence of welfare-reducing bilateral alliances within larger groups, and … curtailing welfare reducing reciprocity, i.e. 'back-scratching'. …

interest of economists in norms, the literature on third party punishment is surprisingly thin, however. In this paper, we … report on the results of an experiment designed to evaluate two distinct explanations for this phenomenon, indignation and … group reciprocity. We find evidence in favor of both, with the caveat that the incidence of indignation-driven sanctions is …

altruism. Instead, we posit that social reciprocity is a triggered normative response. Our experiment confirms the existence of …. To provide theoretical foundations for social reciprocity, we show that generalized punishment norms survive in one of …We define social reciprocity as the act of demonstrating one's disapproval, at some personal cost, for the violation of …