known about the effects of private police on crime. The current study examines the relationship between a privately …-funded university police force and crime in a large U.S. city. Following an expansion of the jurisdictional boundary of the private … police force, we see no short-term change in crime. However, using a geographic regression discontinuity approach, we find …

punishment is widely agreed to be potentially useful in fostering cooperation, many recent results in psychology and economics … promoting social norms. We show here, using experiments with human subjects, that public implementation of punishment can … interests, we find that privately implemented punishment reduces cooperation relative to a baseline treatment without punishment …

This paper introduces new experimental designs to enrich understanding of conditional cooperation and punishment in … public good games. The key to these methods is to elicit complete contribution or punishment profiles using the strategy … contribute more unequally. Contingent punishment strategies are found to increase with decreasing contributions by the target …

altruistic punishment by using public goods experiments. We conducted the experiments in Turkey at different points in time; one … punishment among individuals during Ramadan, even when the degree of their religiosity varied. However, less religious people did …

heterogeneous groups. When punishment is not allowed all groups converge towards free-riding. With punishment, contributions … that these differences are not accidental but enforced by punishment. The enforced contribution norms are related to …

and privileged groups with and without decentralized punishment. We find that compared to normal groups, privileged groups … are relatively ineffective in using costly sanctions to increase everyone's contributions. Punishment is less targeted …