are desperate, vulnerable, or demanding services particularly prone to corruption. The effect is strongest for bribery of … likely than non-victims to bribe public officials. Misfortune increases victims’ demand for public services, raising bribery … the police, where the increase in bribery comes principally through increased use of the police. For the judiciary the …

In this paper, I examine the role of household income in determining who bribes and how much they bribe in health care … in Peru and Uganda. I find that rich patients are more likely than other patients to bribe in public health care …: doubling household consumption increases the bribery probability by 0.2-0.4 percentage points in Peru, compared to a bribery …

This study is the first to provide a systematic measure of bribery using micro-level data on reported earnings … compensation in the public sector. Using the conditions of labor market equilibrium, we develop an aggregate measure of bribery and … find that the lower bound estimate of the extent of bribery in Ukraine is between 460 mln and 580 mln U.S. dollars (0 …

deterioration of the health care system, changes in diet and obesity, and material deprivation fail to explain the increase in …