This paper exploits dictated delays in local police hiring by a centralized national authority to break the … simultaneity between police and crime. In Italy police officers can only be hired through lengthy national public contests which … requested police officers are recruited and become operational. We show that this endogeneity vanishes once, controlling for …

, police officers, fire fighters, and construction workers. It holds conditional on differences in observable state …

In this paper we study the causal impact of police on crime by looking at what happened to crime before and after the … terror attacks that hit central London in July 2005. The attacks resulted in a large redeployment of police officers to … central London boroughs as compared to outer London – in fact, police deployment in central London increased by over 30 …

) by increasing the presence and activity of the police force, and (ii) causing more people to stay at home rather than … "disrupting the police." Taken as a whole, the results are consistent with a stronger deterrence effect produced by an increased … police presence after a terror attack. A higher level of policing is likely to catch more people trespassing, and at the same …

property crimes and 13% in personal crimes. There is also evidence that the IGESP is associated with improved police response …

between policing and arrests. During shift changes a peculiar redeployment of police patrols belonging to separate police … that criminals exploit these dips in police performance. A back of the envelope calculation suggests that incapacitation …

hooligans reap utility from violence and social identity and study the effects of different police strategies. We find that an …