den Berg, Gerard J. van; Vikström, Johan - Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) - 2009
, and we examine how often a sanction leads to a lower occupational level. The data cover the Swedish population over 1999 … includes a policy change in which the punishment severity was reduced. We find that the hourly wage and the number of hours are … on average lower after a sanction, and that individuals move more often to a lower occupational level, incurring human …