In this study, we examine the voting behavior in Indonesian parliamentary elections from 1999 to 2014. After … preference to abstention over the parties in some elections. From the point of view of retrospective economic voting, we found …

The difficulty of holding fair elections continues to be a critical problem in many newly democratized countries. The … electoral administration system has two main functions: to disclose the nature of elections and to prevent fraud. We argue in … incentive to disclose the information on the elections and to secure the ruler's credible commitment to fair elections. We …

system of the local political and economic elite, the methods that had been used in the national elections. In fact, the … results of the 2006 survey in this paper, which followed the introduction of direct elections in rural local government units …

owing to the unprecedented setback it suffered at Malaysia’s Twelfth General Elections (GE) of 2008. Yet, although LDP⠅

presidentialized when they have a solid organizational structure and have the potential to win presidential elections. Parties …, which have few prospects of winning presidential elections, are not actively involved in the election process, therefore …

and second nation-wide elections of shoura or councils which were the first steps toward self-government. The author is …