Does tax policy affect the rate of self-employment in a modern welfare state? This question is analyzed empirically based on Swedish data for the entire post-war period. Available tax data indicate that payroll taxes have had a negative influence on the unincorporated rate of self-employment,...

The analysis provides a new explanation for two widespread problems concerning European unemployment policy: the disappointingly small effect of many past reform measures on unemployment, and the political difficulties in implementing more extensive reform programs. We argue that the heart of...

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This paper includes theoretical and empirical analyses of some effects of changes in payroll taxes. First, the implication of the standard partial equilibrium analysis is explored in Section II. In particular, the relationship between statutory and economic incidence are clarified and the...