A Quality-adjusted specification of labor is suggested which allow firms training to effect labor efficiency. To assess …

A quality-adjusted specification of labor is suggested which allows firm training to affect labor efficiency. To assess … probability that training expenditures result in net decreases in total costs. Judging from the corresponding point estimates …

In Europe, accounting standards prevent larger expenditures on employer-sponsored training from being treated as … investments. Using Sweden as example, we discuss two consequences for training. First, the timing: training will be conducted when … income is large enough for training costs to be deducted without loss. This is more often possible during booms than …