This paper studies whether the degree of women’s representation in Swedish local councils affects local public … effects of women’s representation on spending. The subsequent panel study on the composition of public spending in Swedish …

disappears for three out of four performance variables. The only exception is sales. No gender difference is found for …

There is a scarcity of women and minorities at the apex of political power. This paper formalizes the concept of the … exists if women and/or racial minorities (1) are discriminated against in the organization’s promotion process and (2) the … empirical tests for this phenomenon and apply them to longitudinal data on Swedish politicians. Results show that women face a …

of gender because one is paid for what one produces. With this as our point of departure, we compared men and women …It is extraordinarily difficult to determine the extent to which the gender wage gap reflects discriminatory behaviors … by employers or differences in productive capacities between men and women. We note that where piece-rate work is …

gender differences in entrepreneurship. Measured psychological characteristics can account for one third of the large gender … gap in entrepreneurship, but only one tenth of the smaller gender gap in self-employment. Men are one and a half times …

This study compares average earnings and productivities for men and women employed in roughly 200,000 Chinese … industrial enterprises. Women’s average wages lag behind men’s wages by 11%, and this result is robust to the inclusion of non …-wage income in the form of social insurance payments. The gender-wage gap is wider among workers with more than 12 years of …

disappears for three out of four performance variables. The only exception is sales. No gender difference is found for …

use the share of female executives as a proxy for gender equality in welfare states; and (iii) psychological mechanisms …