It is extraordinarily difficult to determine the extent to which the gender wage gap reflects discriminatory behaviors … performed, wages should in principle reflect productivity differences and that it is more difficult to discriminate on the basis … of gender because one is paid for what one produces. With this as our point of departure, we compared men and women …

It is extraordinarily difficult to determine the extent to which the gender wage gap reflects discriminatory behaviors … performed, wages should in principle reflect productivity differences and that it is more difficult to discriminate on the basis … of gender because one is paid for what one produces. With this as our point of departure, we compared men and women …

industrial enterprises. Women’s average wages lag behind men’s wages by 11%, and this result is robust to the inclusion of non …-wage income in the form of social insurance payments. The gender-wage gap is wider among workers with more than 12 years of … education (28%), mainly because of the higher relative wages received by skilled men in foreign-invested firms. Women’s average …

Numerous studies on firm-level data have reported higher average wages in foreign-owned firms than in domestically … individual wages, controlling for individual and firm heterogeneity as well as for possible selection bias in foreign … negative effect on wages. …

factor shares turn in favour of wages, when unemployment falls. The only important prerequisite for this result is that money … wages are treated as downward rigid. The analysis remains valid when firms experience constant returns to labour in the … partly determined by the unemployment stock. As intuition says the share of wages in value added increases with the stock of …