accounts and historical estimates are spliced. To allow for changes in relative prices, GDP benchmark years in national … accounts are periodically replaced with new and more recent ones. Thus, a homogeneous long-run GDP series requires linking … GDP levels and growth, particularly as an economy undergoes deep structural transformation. An inadequate splicing may …

GDP figures for Africa are unreliable. More dependable information can be found in government expenditure and … GDP by assuming no increase in output per head outside the tradable sector, for which the purchasing power of per capita … exports is accepted as a proxy. Another approach establishes an econometric association between real per capita GDP and the …

financial intermediation, as measured by the ratio between total bank deposits and GDP. Another common feature of both Iberian …