The Water Framework Directive (WFD) sets targets of "Good Ecological Status" for water bodies across the EU. Environmental regulatory authorities must undertake economic analysis of all water bodies as part of the process of drawing up catchment management plans. In this paper, we test the...

Recent decades have witnessed substantial losses in biodiversity in Europe, principally driven by the ecological changes associated with intensification of agricultural production. These changes especially affected the biodiversity in the marginal areas, such as the uplands in UK, since the...