The CAPM implies that investors require equity risk premia when choosing risky investments and therefore demand higher returns to equity invested if higher risk is present. This should apply to investments in independent enterprises and multi-national enterprises alike. This hypothesis is...

Valuing a firm using the discounted cash flow method (DCF) requires the joint determination of the market value of its equity (MVE) together with the equity risk premium (ERP) the firm should earn, since the latter is part of the discount rate used in the calculation of the MVE. This paper...

International taxation rules for multi- national enterprises (MNEs) prescribe that international prices for goods and services between different subsidiaries – and therefore incomes of these subsidiaries - must be comparable to those set between independent international firms for the purpose...