This research paper is aimed at understanding why border trade policies are today complemented with behind …

of trade. By increasing the cost of external finance, a financial shock increases the financial cost of exporting and …

international investment and trade in goods and services related to renewable energy has been rapid, but it has not always been …-dumping duties, in response to some countries‘ policies on the grounds that they distort trade. Against this background, this paper … to promote renewable energy, focusing on those that might have implications for trade — both those that are likely to …

with this intermittency problem. Cross-border trade in electricity appears to be one of them since it enables countries to … examination of the European electricity market confirm the importance of cross-border electricity trade in increasing the … operations and exerting downward pressure on wholesale electricity prices. The positive contribution that cross-border trade in …

drives international trade in environmental goods. Many of the measures governments adopt to address issues such as local air … pollution, with important implications for international trade in such equipment. The different indicators of regulatory …-waste management or wastewater treatment. While increased trade in environmental products is not an end in itself, the environmental …

This report examines the different channels through which trade openness (and reforms to achieve it) can affect a … country’s food security. The overall conclusion is that trade openness has a positive net impact on food security, although … of trade protection. The challenge for policymakers is to design flanking policies which enable countries to reap …

to freer trade, in most models these costs are assumed to be very small. However, more recent evidence is casting doubt …, facilitating the comparison of short term labour market impacts from trade across countries. Data are reported at the individual … results are consistent with modern trade theory which posits that an expanding export sector rewards mostly high skilled …