returns are not affected by increased labor availability over a certain labor-land ratio. Female participation in off …-farm labor markets increases at higher levels of labor availability, but participation in women's groups' only increases as labor … scarcity is relaxed at lower levels. Alternatively, male participation in off-farm work increases over all levels of labor …

investigate the processes by which social capital formation, participation in networks and groups, and trusting behavior comes … to a number of formal and informal groups and networks, but participation differs according to household characteristics …