-the-border policies like output subsidies, R&D subsidies, and public R&D investments. This is a new type of protectionism that becomes … restraints, and minimum price agreements) as well as “behind-the-border†policies (output subsidies, R&D subsidies, and public … on R&D, as well as the impact of production subsidies, public R&D investments, and minimum price agreements on private R …

. In response to the fiscal cost and ineffective implementation of these subsidies, as well as pressure from international … on fertilizer distribution and phased out universal subsidies." from text …

"High production and export subsidies in developed countries and high protection in both developed and developing … markets in Latin America and shows that reduction of direct and implicit export subsidies in the US will benefit regional … tariff-rate quota and reduction in production subsidies would have significant impact on import volume and price. Prices and …

Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa have reduced or eliminated fertilizer subsidies and liberalized input marketing as …