of labor-intensive agricultural technologies, to extend and strengthen school systems in rural areas, to promote … competition in off-farm labor markets, and to eliminate discrimination against women. The authors conclude that there is no …

include (1) a greater dependence on cash income; (2) weaker informal safety nets; (3) greater labor force participation of …

differently than men in an urban area. Livelihood strategies for both men and women are predominantly labor based and dependent on …

flourish. Lack of diet diversity can lead to malnutrition. Certain animal diseases also can infect humans. Labor migration … (including agricultural labor migration) can contribute to high incidence of HIV infection. The effects of ill health on farm … ill health include loss of farming knowledge, reduction of land under cultivation, planting of less labor-intensive crops …

Large gaps in labor productivity between the traditional and modern parts of the economy are a fundamental reality of … developing societies. In this paper, we document these gaps and emphasize that labor flows from low-productivity activities to … pattern of structural change—with labor moving from low- to high-productivity sectors in Asia, but in the opposite direction …

an increasing concern about the potential negative effects of moving labor away from agriculture on China’s future food …