absence or inadequacy of risk-mitigating institutions and markets, and the need to protect the world's poorest communities … convincing, that the programs are not cost-effective and do not allocate resources optimally, and that private institutions are … expensive, and that reduced intervention can promote competition, help develop alternative institutions, and release funds for …

and structural constraints that limit the volume of trade and access to capital and information require investments in … complementary institutions and coordination mechanisms to exploit scale economies. The effectiveness of PMGs was determined by the …

mobile foreign direct investments and under the arrangement of fiscal decentralization, local governments compete vigorously …

This paper tests a series of prominent hypotheses regarding how institutions, geography, and trade interact to … which country characteristics might affect income through trade and institutions, and then to test the robustness of those … effects. Evidence indicated that both institutions and trade influence growth. Geographical factors such as whether a country …

specific investments in education, health, and nutrition. The paper first describes PROGRESA/Oportunidades and estimates of the …

supply. Such "land-improving investments" are needed to reduce production and subsistence risks and permit more intensive use …