programs in developing countries. It makes particular reference to food subsidies (universal and administratively targeted …), public works schemes, and targeted human capital subsidies. Although this set of programs is not exhaustive, it does account …

countries. The evidence suggests that universal food subsidies have very limited potential for redistributing income. While … targeted food subsidies have greater potential, this can only be realized when adequate attention is given to the design and … choice of output. Targeted human capital subsidies appear to have great potential for addressing extreme poverty; but again …

-the-border policies like output subsidies, R&D subsidies, and public R&D investments. This is a new type of protectionism that becomes … restraints, and minimum price agreements) as well as “behind-the-border†policies (output subsidies, R&D subsidies, and public … on R&D, as well as the impact of production subsidies, public R&D investments, and minimum price agreements on private R …

"In July 2008, the government of Ghana instituted a country-wide subsidy on 50Kg bags of four types of fertilizer in an … effort to mitigate the effect of rising energy and food prices. Farmers received the subsidy in the form of fertilizer- and … of the subsidy program and offers preliminary observations of its implementation. The fertilizer subsidy was a unique …