-the-border policies like output subsidies, R&D subsidies, and public R&D investments. This is a new type of protectionism that becomes … prominent since the 2006-2008 economic crisis. In this paper we analyze the impact of various policies on domestic cost … restraints, and minimum price agreements) as well as “behind-the-border†policies (output subsidies, R&D subsidies, and public …

offers clear benefits, initial observations suggest scope for improvement in both the system design and implementation. Poor …

affordability or farmers’ lack of knowledge about the benefits or the use of fertilizer. …

. In response to the fiscal cost and ineffective implementation of these subsidies, as well as pressure from international … on fertilizer distribution and phased out universal subsidies." from text …

"High production and export subsidies in developed countries and high protection in both developed and developing … markets in Latin America and shows that reduction of direct and implicit export subsidies in the US will benefit regional … tariff-rate quota and reduction in production subsidies would have significant impact on import volume and price. Prices and …

Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa have reduced or eliminated fertilizer subsidies and liberalized input marketing as … purchase of fertilizer, and through the availability of inputs on credit.Thus, the benefits of export liberalization must be …