"It has been argued in the literature that China is underurbanized in large part because of restrictions on migration … explain the lack of cities. Although migration has become much easier over time, the number of cities in China has been rather … underurbanization. Under China's hierarchical governance structure, the only way to create new cities is through the centralized policy …

rights. Globalization and fiscal decentralization have intensified this difference. On the one hand, in the presence of … mobile foreign direct investments and under the arrangement of fiscal decentralization, local governments compete vigorously … drivers of China's rapid economic growth. But the same factor can veer those individuals being deprived of land into violence …

. Benin is currently in a process of political decentralization shifting responsibility for and administration of rural water …

amplification of the decentralization movement. On the basis of a literature review and their own practitioners' experiences, the … to the authors, there is a need to recognize local conventions, which offer an opportunity for decentralization to be … decentralization even if decentralization reforms and national forestry laws have ignored them across West Africa." authors' abstract …