period—1998–2004—when South Africa experienced excess mortality due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. We find, first, that deaths of …

"Migration can serve as an outlet for employment, higher earnings, and reduced income risk for households in developing …

Rural non-farm development plays a key role in generating employment in many developing countries. Clustering is an …

functioning of rural nonfarm labor markets is therefore crucial in determining who has access to nonfarm employment. Previous … contacts are more likely to obtain nonfarm jobs. Moreover, guanxi has a larger effect on the nonfarm employment opportunities …

"The rural nonfarm economy (RNFE) accounts for roughly 25 percent of full-time rural employment and 35-40 percent of …

/year-specific correlated shocks, show that (1) the relative size of the migrant population in the market decreases employment probabilities of … new migrants (negative substitution effect), (2) the employment probability of previous migrants increases those of new … migrants (positive externalities), and (3) when the employment probability of previous migrants approaches to unity, the size …