Analyses the nature of growth, economic policies and employment as well as its linkages in four Middle East and North African countries taking into account the pervasive effects of the global economic and financial crisis.

Presents data from a methods test survey which shows higher rates of female labour force participation than reported by official surveys.

Investigates the role microfinance institutions (MFI) could play in the formalisation of the economy. Examines the effectiveness of the credit as a incentive to induce clients to formalise and reviews the advantage for a MFI to deal with more formal client.

Based on a synthesis of research in seven countries, considers how rural saving can be mobilised through co-operative type institutions to reinforce rural development in different politico-economic environments.