€™ trade policies and their development strategies. However, although greater trade openness promises faster growth for poor …Efforts to liberalize world trade are increasingly focusing on strengthening the links between low-income countriesâ …

This paper investigates the impact of long-run terms-of-trade shocks. Analytically, we show that, if capital goods are … during 1965-89. Favorable terms-of-trade shocks increase investment and (especially government) consumption, but reduce …, but Dutch Disease effects are strikingly absent. Investment, consumption, and nontradable output respond more to a terms-of-trade …

trade volatility offset the positive impact of commodity booms; and export diversification of primary commodity abundant …This paper studies the impact of the level and volatility of the commodity terms of trade on economic growth, as well … of trade growth enhances real output per capita, volatility exerts a negative impact on economic growth operating mainly …

developed and the developing countries. Our analysis will evaluate how the presence of terms of trade adjustment and distorted … endogenous terms of trade adjustment, there are cases in which a competitive international banking system may not revitalize … appropriate conditionality, and the presence of endogenous terms of trade adjustment puts greater weight on investment …

a country's production and export structure. This can include diversification into new products and trading partners as …Diversification and structural transformation play important roles in influencing the macroeconomic performance of low …-income countries (LICs). Increases in income per capita at early stages of development are typically accompanied by a transformation in …

the benefits of trade liberalization as well as on the obstacles to trade-oriented development …

the IMF and World Bank, in helping to address the constraints that limit development and use of these instruments? …