large an effect on employment as untargeted reductions for equal initial budgetary cost, while employee social security tax … reductions have a negative effect on employment. They also point to the presence of “self-financing,” whereby reductions in … various tax rates lead to lower budget deficits in the long run, as a result of an expanding tax base and lower unemployment …

This paper presents empirical estimates of the policy and structural determinants of the natural rate of unemployment … in Canada. The paper begins with a discussion of structural features of the economy which impinge on the adjustment of … real wages to their equilibrium level. Estimates are presented showing how the generosity of the unemployment insurance …

This paper examines the endogeneity of several structural variables which enter unemployment rate equations …—the generosity of unemployment benefits, nonwage labor costs, the relative minimum wage, and the degree of unionization. It finds … evidence of reverse causality for these structural variables based on causality tests. The structural unemployment rate …

, the contractionary effects of exchange rate appreciation dominate the expansionary effects so that GDP and employment fall …