-sector employment and have helped raise standards of living. However, the growth model has involved costs: the public-sector wage bill … is relatively high, there is limited employment of nationals in the private sector, labor productivity has declined or …

large an effect on employment as untargeted reductions for equal initial budgetary cost, while employee social security tax … reductions have a negative effect on employment. They also point to the presence of “self-financing,” whereby reductions in … various tax rates lead to lower budget deficits in the long run, as a result of an expanding tax base and lower unemployment …

Governments often intervene in labor markets with the aim of reducing inequality and promoting employment. Such … relatively minor intervention can dramatically increase the fragility of jobs, the length of unemployment spells, as well as the … extent of unemployment and labor market churning. With institutions of the type studied here common across many different …

employment. The medium-term macroeconomic framework plan entails the involvement of both the private and public sectors. Human …

This Selected Issues paper reviews recent developments in growth and employment in Bulgaria and highlights key … and financial stabilization in 1997. The global economic crisis had a major effect on Bulgarian growth and employment … its 2008 level. However, employment growth was negative during 2009–2012, and the first small uptick occurred only in …

The Netherlands is an AAA euro area (EA) economy with significant private sector imbalances. The main policy challenge …