better credit ratings, better fiscal discipline, and less corruption, after controlling for other socioeconomic variables …

This paper develops and tests two efficiency wage models of corruption in the civil service. Under fair wage models …, civil service wages are an important determinant of corruption. Under shirking models, the level of wages is of secondary … importance, as potential bribes dwarf wage income. The empirical evidence points to a negative relationship between corruption …

Anecdotal evidence relates corruption with high levels of military spending. This paper tests empirically whether such … the period 1985–98. The association between military spending and corruption is ascertained by using panel regression … techniques. The results suggest that corruption is indeed associated with higher military spending as a share of both GDP and …

We examine the effects of oil rents on corruption and state stability exploiting the exogenous within-country variation … increase in oil rents significantly increases corruption, significantly deteriorates political rights while at the same time … leading to a significant improvement in civil liberties. We argue that these findings can be explained by the political elite …