Union is a major achievement but also a difficult process in the four countries (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain) …

is relatively high, there is limited employment of nationals in the private sector, labor productivity has declined or …-sector employment and have helped raise standards of living. However, the growth model has involved costs: the public-sector wage bill …

, the contractionary effects of exchange rate appreciation dominate the expansionary effects so that GDP and employment fall …

, has been only a limited source of growth and employment. Because oil is an exhaustible resource, new sectors need to be …

This paper discusses tax and expenditure policy reforms to raise employment. Using data for 58 advanced and emerging …. The focus is on incentives to increase labor demand and supply rather than on the impact of fiscal policy on employment … principles which should guide the design of country-specific fiscal reforms to boost employment. A comprehensive set of tables on …

This paper describes determinants of Japan’s productivity growth, reform outputs, and speculation on future potential …

This paper undertakes a cross-country analysis of productivity growth at both the aggregate and sectoral level. It … finds that Asia's remarkable output growth over the past 40 years reflected both high investment, and rapid productivity … encouraged resource shifts from low- to high-productivity sectors. Looking ahead, sustaining rapid growth requires meeting a …

real exchange rates. The importance of a strong relationship with Italy may also require San Marino to take more …