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This technical note explores the reasons for a comparatively high interest rate spread in Kazakhstan in the context of competition in the banking sector. In spite of significant gains in efficiency made in recent years, operational costs and provisioning for loan losses remain high compared with...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014407263
It is shown that the inefficiencies created by the “soft” budget constraint, enjoyed by enterprises in Eastern Europe and elsewhere, will continue so long as governments are unable credibly to threaten not to bail out loss-makers. Commitment to a “hard” budget constraint can best be...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014396100
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10004661402
The Report evaluates statistical practices relating to the measurement of international capital flows. In particular …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014403133
The Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade sets out a conceptual and measurement framework for digital trade which aligns …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014435647
We explore the role of business services in knowledge accumulation and growth and the determinants of knowledge diffusion including the role of distance. A continuous-time model is estimated on several European countries, Japan, and the United States. Policy simulations illustrate the benefits...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014399872
This paper undertakes a cross-country analysis of productivity growth at both the aggregate and sectoral level. It … finds that Asia''s remarkable output growth over the past 40 years reflected both high investment, and rapid productivity … encouraged resource shifts from low- to high-productivity sectors. Looking ahead, sustaining rapid growth requires meeting a …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014401163
that these appreciations reflect underlying productivity gains in the tradable sector. Using panel data over the period … 1993-98, the results show clear evidence of productivity-driven exchange rate movements in the central and eastern European … expect to experience further productivity-driven real exchange rate appreciations. Evidence from a large cross-section of non …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014403602
This paper assesses Estonia’s flexibility from two angles. The paper focuses on one aspect of that performance—the ability to sustain competitiveness. Then, a more forward-looking angle is the flexibility of Estonia’s labor and product markets. Estonia has made great progress in achieving...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014404653
This Selected Issues paper on the Republic of Estonia highlights its growth performance relative to other countries in the European Union (EU). Estonia has experienced a period of unprecedented growth since the mid-1990s. Between 1995 and 2005, Estonia’s real GDP per capita rose by an average...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014404814