Union is a major achievement but also a difficult process in the four countries (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain) …

-sector employment and have helped raise standards of living. However, the growth model has involved costs: the public-sector wage bill … is relatively high, there is limited employment of nationals in the private sector, labor productivity has declined or …

This paper discusses tax and expenditure policy reforms to raise employment. Using data for 58 advanced and emerging …. The focus is on incentives to increase labor demand and supply rather than on the impact of fiscal policy on employment … principles which should guide the design of country-specific fiscal reforms to boost employment. A comprehensive set of tables on …

-looking monetary policy decisions. The bias is higher for countries whose monetary policy was more independent of Germany …

Germany. Germany's focus on actual, rather than cyclically adjusted, fiscal goals and outcomes carries the risk of rendering …

economic environment and policies. Declining labor shares, wage moderation, and employment performance in Germany and the …

recovery are balanced but the range of forecasts for 2007 is unusually wide. The priority for Germany is to transmit its …

For more than a decade, growth in Germany has been subdued and uneven. This paper introduces the stylized facts …