This paper develops and tests two efficiency wage models of corruption in the civil service. Under fair wage models …, civil service wages are an important determinant of corruption. Under shirking models, the level of wages is of secondary … importance, as potential bribes dwarf wage income. The empirical evidence points to a negative relationship between corruption …

Anecdotal evidence relates corruption with high levels of military spending. This paper tests empirically whether such … the period 1985–98. The association between military spending and corruption is ascertained by using panel regression … techniques. The results suggest that corruption is indeed associated with higher military spending as a share of both GDP and …

This paper outlines the IMF's perspective on the economic impact of corrup-tion and experience in helping countries … design and implement strategies to address it. Corruption has a broader corrosive impact on society. It undermines trust in … influence and political interference. Corruption afflicts countries at all stages of development. Indeed, some developing …

In some countries, corrupt politicians appear to choose investment projects based on the opportunity for bribes and … kickbacks these projectspresent. This paper contends that such corruption increases the numberof capital projects undertaken and …

better credit ratings, better fiscal discipline, and less corruption, after controlling for other socioeconomic variables …

reduction.A workshop hosted by the World Bank and the IMF in September 2001provided a forum to review the effectiveness of Bank … IMF and the World Bank …

corruption and presentsrecent evidence on the extent to which corruption affects investment,economic growth, and government … expenditure choices. The evidence presented here suggests that corruption may have considerable adverseeffects on economic growth …