is relatively high, there is limited employment of nationals in the private sector, labor productivity has declined or …-sector employment and have helped raise standards of living. However, the growth model has involved costs: the public-sector wage bill …

results indicate that among the many variables considered in the literature only the fiscal variables—the general government … surplus as a proportion of GDP and the ratio of government consumption to GDP—are important determinants of private savings …

Central government wage expenditures accounted for 7 percent of GDP in 99 countries during 1980-90 (unweighted average … countries, and small low-income economies tend to have lower central government wage expenditures as a percent of GDP. Access to … foreign financing is not; the public and publicly guaranteed foreign financing is often provided for government capital …

This paper discusses tax and expenditure policy reforms to raise employment. Using data for 58 advanced and emerging …. The focus is on incentives to increase labor demand and supply rather than on the impact of fiscal policy on employment … principles which should guide the design of country-specific fiscal reforms to boost employment. A comprehensive set of tables on …

important to consolidate fiscal policy. This can be problematic because, without appropriate care, the central government …, spending, and borrowing powers to lower levels of government. Empirical evidence shows that countries with good governance have …

This paper describes determinants of Japan’s productivity growth, reform outputs, and speculation on future potential …