Central government wage expenditures accounted for 7 percent of GDP in 99 countries during 1980-90 (unweighted average … countries, and small low-income economies tend to have lower central government wage expenditures as a percent of GDP. Access to … foreign financing is not; the public and publicly guaranteed foreign financing is often provided for government capital …

This Selected Issues paper on Iran focuses on the Targeted Subsidy Reform Law (TSRL). This is the basic law governing … the implementation of the subsidy reform in Iran. The TSRL envisaged bringing subsidized prices close to international …

This staff report for the 2014 Article IV Consultation on the Islamic Republic of Iran focuses on economic developments …

This paper reviews economic developments in Iran during 1990–95. The growth rate of real GDP declined from an average …

This paper reviews economic developments in the Islamic Republic of Iran during 1990–96. Iran experienced heightened …

government, and market-based prices for energy and agricultural goods should help achieve higher growth and create jobs …

In this study, the role of the financial sector and Islamic finance in the development of Iran’s economic strategy is … discussed. The structure and governance aspects of Iran’s financial system are explained by means of equity finance and the … banks in Iran are analyzed. Finally, a framework for Iran’s financial stability is explained. Financial, operational …

developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is …

This paper reviews recent developments in the exchange system in the Islamic Republic of Iran and in the real effective …

This Selected Issues Paper on Iran reviews that monetary factors are the main determinants of inflation in the country …. Government spending out of oil revenues leads to large liquidity injections that the central bank accommodates owing to its …