-sector employment and have helped raise standards of living. However, the growth model has involved costs: the public-sector wage bill … is relatively high, there is limited employment of nationals in the private sector, labor productivity has declined or …

large an effect on employment as untargeted reductions for equal initial budgetary cost, while employee social security tax … reductions have a negative effect on employment. They also point to the presence of “self-financing,” whereby reductions in … various tax rates lead to lower budget deficits in the long run, as a result of an expanding tax base and lower unemployment …

Governments often intervene in labor markets with the aim of reducing inequality and promoting employment. Such … relatively minor intervention can dramatically increase the fragility of jobs, the length of unemployment spells, as well as the … extent of unemployment and labor market churning. With institutions of the type studied here common across many different …

This Selected Issues paper analyzes labor market policies and unemployment dynamics in Spain. It provides a brief … among employment, labor force participation, and real wages. They also illustrate the importance of lags in the econometric …

transition, with a view toward understanding the persistent high unemployment experienced in each country. Despite the … significant levels of unemployment in all four countries, labor market developments suggest that the strongest and earliest …

for them, including an analysis of variations in the relationship between regional unemployment rates and regional vacancy …

, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Together, these agreements provide a total of …

Union is a major achievement but also a difficult process in the four countries (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain) …