revenue from seigniorage for the EC member countries with particular focus on the high inflation countries. Assuming that by … 1992 all EC members participate fully in the EMS and reserve requirements are unified, the revenue from seigniorage will be … different measures of seigniorage yield similar results regarding the change, but differ regarding the level …

This paper examines the challenges and policy options after hyperinflation in Zimbabwe. The paper reviews the pros and … creating fiscal space for growth and development in post-hyperinflation Zimbabwe …

This 2013 Article IV Consultation highlights that on the back of new policy framework, growth in Japan accelerated …

materialize, the Bank of Japan (BoJ) should act swiftly through further and/or longer- dated asset purchases. Communication should … coming years with uncertain net effects—higher exports and capital outflows—in the short term. As long as Japan continues …

This Selected Issues paper examines implications for long-term bond yields in case of Japan. The analysis finds that so …

Spain (Spain), amendments to the 2010 NPA with the Government of Japan (Japan), and a new note purchase agreement (NPA) with … the People's Bank of China (China). The new borrowing agreement with Spain, the amendments to the NPA with Japan, and the … February 22, 2017, for Spain; April 20, 2017, for Japan; and April 21, 2017, for China. Pursuant to Section III, paragraph 2 of …