volatility creates risks to service provision, possibly entailing sudden tax changes, or even requiring new borrowing. After … fiscal savings (reserves), and the impact alternate policy choices could have on revenue volatility …

This paper studies the impact of the level and volatility of the commodity terms of trade on economic growth, as well … of trade growth enhances real output per capita, volatility exerts a negative impact on economic growth operating mainly … trade volatility offset the positive impact of commodity booms; and export diversification of primary commodity abundant …

indicators, the contributors have delved into the ways that global volatility, especially since 2008, has affected Indonesia and …

This paper examines the impact of trade costs on real exchange rate volatility. We incorporate a multi … exchange rate volatility depends on relative technological differences and trade costs. These differences highlight a new … volatility. We then test the importance of this channel using a large panel of cross-country data over 1970-97, and find strong …