Since the mid-1970s the annual inflation rate in Africa has averaged more than 15 percent, with many countries … experiencing rates of 20 percent or more. Inflation rates of this magnitude have significant adverse effects on the financial … strongly to monetary expansion as a major cause of inflation in African countries generally. Exchange rate depreciation is also …

inflation since 2010 have led to a reevaluation of Brazil’s long-term potential growth rate. Growth accounting suggests that … implementation of the infrastructure investment program, higher domestic saving, and structural reforms. …

Interest rates in China comprise a mix of both market determined interest rates (interbank rates and bond yields), and … regulated interest rates (lending and deposit rates), reflecting China's gradual process of interest rate liberalization. We …

consumption and private investment, took growth up to 4.4 percent. The fiscal accounts improved in 2004 on the strength of rising …

inflation rate has risen, reflecting the gradual closing of the output gap and the second-round effects of higher energy prices … rates, and further increases will likely be needed, depending on developments in inflation and the closing of the output gap. …