This paper deals with one aspect of the drafting of the amendment, the choice of language, and more particularly the … language can make, if not to the reconciliation of opposing views, then at least to their accommodation. The paper highlights …

This paper develops and tests two efficiency wage models of corruption in the civil service. Under fair wage models …, civil service wages are an important determinant of corruption. Under shirking models, the level of wages is of secondary … importance, as potential bribes dwarf wage income. The empirical evidence points to a negative relationship between corruption …

corruption and presentsrecent evidence on the extent to which corruption affects investment,economic growth, and government … expenditure choices. The evidence presented here suggests that corruption may have considerable adverseeffects on economic growth …

Drawing on recent examples of corruption in the Baltics and former Soviet Union, this pamphlet analyzes the links … between governance and corruption, and emphasizes the high economic cost that corruption exacts. The pamphlet outlines how the … IMF is working with the countries of the former Soviet Union to curb corruption, and put in place the regulatory and legal …

Anecdotal evidence relates corruption with high levels of military spending. This paper tests empirically whether such … the period 1985–98. The association between military spending and corruption is ascertained by using panel regression … techniques. The results suggest that corruption is indeed associated with higher military spending as a share of both GDP and …

We examine the effects of oil rents on corruption and state stability exploiting the exogenous within-country variation … increase in oil rents significantly increases corruption, significantly deteriorates political rights while at the same time … redistribution and conflict. We support our argument documenting that there is a significant effect of oil rents on corruption in …

This paper outlines the IMF's perspective on the economic impact of corrup-tion and experience in helping countries … design and implement strategies to address it. Corruption has a broader corrosive impact on society. It undermines trust in … influence and political interference. Corruption afflicts countries at all stages of development. Indeed, some developing …

kickbacks these projectspresent. This paper contends that such corruption increases the numberof capital projects undertaken and …