This technical note examines the use of indirect methods in a taxpayer audit. Indirect methods involve the … indirect audit methods. Indirect audit methods commonly used by tax administrations are elaborated. The legislative … requirements for the use of indirect audit methods are also analyzed …

provision of non-audit-related consulting services by the Fund's external audit firm and replacing it with a blacklist approach …, subject to robust safeguards to ensure the independence of the external audit firm. This paper makes specific proposals to … implement such a change. This would align the Fund's policy on the provision of consulting services by the external audit firm …

This paper presents a model for Inflation Targeting under imperfect policy credibility. It modifies the conventional … model in three ways: an endogenous policy credibility process, by which monetary policy can gain or lose credibility over … time; non-linearities in the inflation equation and in the credibility generating process; and an explicit loss function …

A common rationale for EMS membership is that it enhances the credibility of a central bank’s commitment to stable … exchange rate bands and the prevalence of capital controls. In our model, capital controls themselves affect credibility … to reconcile the non-zero width of the bands with the credibility-based interpretation of the EMS …