This technical note examines the use of indirect methods in a taxpayer audit. Indirect methods involve the determination of tax liabilities through an analysis of a taxpayer’s financial affairs utilizing information from a range of sources beyond the taxpayer’s declaration and formal books...

Conceptual ambiguities and statistical weaknesses hamper the assessment of external competitiveness. The term competitiveness, while applied extensively, is often imprecisely defined, which can result in analytical errors and mistaken policy advice. Furthermore, aggregate statistical measures of...

This 2013 Article IV Consultation highlights Nigeria’s poverty and income inequality that remain high and social and governance indicators that are below averages for sub-Saharan Africa. Growth is expected to remain strong, driven by agriculture, trade, and services. Inflation should...