This paper analyzes the strategic role of investment from a debtor country’s perspective. The framework is one in which … this framework, the paper shows that productive investment may increase or decrease the bargaining power of the debtor …

"how to do" energy subsidy reform, drawing on insights from 22 country case studies and analyses carried out by other …

fiscal imbalances, crowd-out priority public spending, and depress private investment, including in the energy sector …-intensive industries, reducing incentives for investment in renewable energy, and accelerating the depletion of natural resources. Most … subsidy benefits are captured by higher-income households, reinforcing inequality. Even future generations are affected …

This supplement presents country case studies reviewing energy subsidy reform experiences, which are the basis for the … reform of petroleum product subsidies, seven studies of the reform of electricity subsidies, and a case study of subsidy …

source—each program’s subsidy component. Recent credit reform proposals would make control of credit subsidies the primary … in improving their economic effects by eliminating unintended subsidies. However, many high subsidy-rate programs appear …