This paper demonstrates that instability associated with investment risk is critical in explaining the level of foreign … direct investment for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, which generally have higher investment risk than … those with a longer-term focus in order to help lower the degree of risk instability for MENA countries …

This paper summarizes the theory and empirical evidence on the determinants of foreign direct investment. These … determinants include expected relative rates of return, risk diversification, market size, technological advantage, market failure …

time-varying risk. Some work by Abel provided us with the insights needed to produce such formulas. This paper gives a …