available labor. In the aftermath of the crisis, boosting growth is essential to prevent unemployment from becoming a long … unemployment rates and lower participation rates, on the other hand, cannot easily be attributed to individual preferences. Here …, policies and institutions matter more. And there is little excuse for relatively low labor productivity, a particular bane in …

. Looking ahead, however, in 2010 sustained high unemployment, uneven growth, and an unwinding of government stimulus measures …

present resulting from the Great Recession of 2007–09. We assess the human cost of increased unemployment by surveying what …

, and Sweden. These economies represent a wide range of labor market institutions, policy responses, and outcomes to the … the interaction between the nature of the shocks and differences in the structure and institutions of each countryâ …