-2003 period suggest that discretionary fiscal spending volatility, and terms of trade volatility together with exchange rate …This paper establishes that output volatility and the size of output drops have declined across all countries over the …. The favorable trends in output volatility and large output drops in developing countries are found to result from lower …

find robust evidence that remittances have a negative effect on output growth volatility of recipient countries. This …

pattern of international trade and production on the overall productivity growth of a developing country. A key result is that …

weakened or even overturned depending on: degree of openness; factor mobility between domestic sectors; counter cyclicality of …