employment growth, in contrast to the United States where initial labor demand shocks are expanded in the long run. After the …

increased in large firms. Employment of persons directly affected by the law declined, although the net effect on aggregate … employment was not significant. …

Using panel data for 15 industrial countries, active labor market policies (ALMPs) are shown to have raised employment … variables. Among such policies, direct subsidies to job creation were the most effective. ALMPs also affected employment rates …