. But Germany has almost equally consistently run current account surpluses. Exports have powered the dynamic phases and … delivery of services, will be good for Germany and for the global economy. Absent such an effort, German growth will remain … constrained, and Germany will play only a modest role in spurring growth elsewhere. …

present resulting from the Great Recession of 2007–09. We assess the human cost of increased unemployment by surveying what …

differentiation and high regional unemployment differentials. The empirical literature has found that centralized wage bargaining … productivity and unemployment differentials. …

relates average unemployment to average wage inflation; the curve is virtually vertical for high inflation rates but becomes …, at low inflation. Fourth, when inflation decreases, volatility of unemployment increases whereas the volatility of … inflation decreases: this implies a long-run trade-off also between the volatility of unemployment and that of wage inflation. …

moderation. The paper identifies structural shifts in the relationship between wages and unemployment rates—a “wage curveâ … relationship with unemployment rates and business GDP. The paper also examines aspects of the European Central Bank’s monetary …

The literature on the relationship between the unemployment rate and wage bargaining fails to separate the offsetting … effects of a reduction in competition associated with centralized bargaining and the increased awareness of unemployment … unemployment rate in countries that have switched to centralized wage-bargaining arrangements, the industry wage is not …

by reducing real wages below levels allowed by technological growth, changes in the unemployment rate, and institutional …