presents several conventional techniques for assessing competitiveness, namely the real exchange rate and recent trade … many post-conflict situations. The real exchange measure and trade measures suggest some mild erosion of competitiveness in …

" foreign direct investment, and the empirical literature on trade and growth. Finally we use a numerical simulation model of …

This paper investigates empirically the relevance of external, domestic, and financial weaknesses as well as trade and …

This paper estimates a gravity model to address the issue of whether intra-Arab trade is too little. Although gravity … models have been extensively used to measure bilateral trade among countries, they have—to the best of our knowledge …—never been used to measure intra-Arab trade. Our results suggest that intra-Arab trade and Arab trade with the rest of the world …

This paper examines the effects of trade costs on macroeconomic volatility. We first construct a dynamic, two …-country general equilibrium model, where the degree of market integration depends directly on trade costs (transport costs, tariffs …, etc.). The model is a extension of Obstfeld and Rogoff (1995). Naturally, a reduction in trade costs leads to more market …

, openness to trade, and changes in employment protection--using a panel of 18 industrial countries over 1960-2000. Since most …